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中东地区 巴林 Bahrian DMC Centre, Bahrain 1301 Road No. 5641, Block No. 0356, Manama City, Bahrain. Tel. +(973)-3960-7936 Contact : Mr. Thanachai & Mrs. Peanji Thongthae Thailand Co-ordinator : Tel(+66)-5-0

本内容提供了中东和非洲地区冥想中心的详细联系方式，包括巴林、杜拜、阿布达比、以色列、卡达、伊朗、阿曼、沙特阿拉伯和南非等地的地址和联络人信息。如需更多信息，请访问 dmc.tv。

法國 (France) Strasbourg Wat Buddha Strasbourg 21, Boulevard de Nancy, 6700 Strasbourg, FRANCE Tel. (+33)–388–326–915 Fax. (+33)–369–572–014 Email: [email protected] Bordeaux Wat Bouddha Bordeaux 47,

這篇文章提供了在歐洲不同國家如法國、德國、意大利、挪威、瑞士和英國的Wat Buddha位置及其聯絡方式，包括地址和電話。無論您是在尋找靜修、學習佛教，還是參加社區活動，這些地點都能為您提供所需的支持和信息。詳細的聯絡方式讓您能夠方便地与各地的Wat Buddha聯繫，了解更多活動和課程。更多信息請訪問dmc.tv。

Neeni Kaevlin Chief of Staff General Manager Tel. (562) 695-0167 Cell. (626) 675-9369 Email: [email protected] 加拿大（Canada） 渥太华（Ottawa） Co-ordination Office 354 Breckenridge Cres. Ott

这份文件提供了加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和所罗门群岛的冥想中心联系信息。其中包括每个中心的地址、联系电话和电子邮件。冥想中心旨在促进冥想实践与社区参与，鼓励个人在各自的地区进行内心的平静和冥想。有关更多信息，请访问 dmc.tv。

MARINA OTTAWAY, NATHAN J. BROWN, AMR HAMZAWY, KARIM SADJADPOUR, PAUL SALEM THE NEW MIDDLE EAST CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE WASHINGTON DC • MOSCOW • BEIRUT • BRUSSELS

The New Middle East Marina Ottaway Nathan J. Brown Amr Hamzawy Karim Sadjadpour Paul Salem CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE WASHINGTON DC • MOSCOW • BEIJING • BEIRUT • BRUSSELS

Contents Acknowledgments iv A Changed Region 1 The Realities of the New Middle East 4 The Iran–Iraq Cluster 4 The Syria–Lebanon Cluster 10 The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict 14 The Problem of Nuclear P

This text examines the transformed landscape of the Middle East, analyzing key conflicts in regions such as Iran-Iraq, Syria-Lebanon, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It addresses crucial issues

albeit it is still inappropriate to talk about an axis. Iraq's problems, and possible solutions, are so closely intertwined with Iran that it is no longer possible to discuss solutions for Iraq withou

Iraq's current situation as a failed state is deeply intertwined with Iran's influence. The U.S. invasion has led to a power struggle, making it impossible for Iraq to function effectively. Political

nizations with local roots. They understand the importance and advantages of a decentralized system. They appear to have very little respect for the central government or even for Sunni politicians in

This text examines the intricate dynamics of Sunni political groups in Iraq amid changing power structures. Local organizations show a preference for decentralized systems, often in conflict with each

It is out of this reality of conflicting and changing political agendas that a political agreement would have to be forged to transform Iraq once again from a failed state into a functioning one. It w

This text examines the complex realities of Iraq's political environment following the fall of Saddam Hussein and the subsequent rise of Iran as a powerful regional entity. It highlights the challenge

which ended conclusively with a UN-mandated cease-fire and eventually a return to the status quo, made it very clear that neither country could break the balance of power. By removing Saddam Hussein,

This text discusses the significant changes in the balance of power in the Middle East following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the subsequent rise of Iranian influence in the region. The removal o

to be cooperative on its own terms and for its own interests, but this does not mean that the United States is in a strong position to push Iran to comply with its requests, particularly at present. T

This text explores the multifaceted relationship between the United States and Iran, emphasizing the challenges faced by U.S. military policy amidst high oil prices and ongoing conflicts. It discusses

but set aside its criticism when this was in its interest. It was never in agreement with the United States and sought other allies, but never became so antagonistic as to provoke a strong American re

The text explores the evolving relationship between Syria and the United States, highlighting key moments such as the leadership transition from Hafez al-Assad to Bashar al-Assad, the impact of the Ir

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 13 always been the possibility that Syria could be coaxed and pressured into adopting more pragmatic policies. Revived U.S. efforts to relaunch the Israeli-Palestinian

The text discusses the political realities of Lebanon following Syria's withdrawal and the influence of Hizbollah and other political factions. Despite Syrian troop withdrawal, control issues persist,

port they enjoyed, gave names to the rival groupings: the March14 anti-Syrian forces and the March 8 pro-Syrian forces. The March 14 demonstrations, which in the U.S. narrative became the Cedar Revolu

This text discusses the political dynamics in Lebanon following the Cedar Revolution, highlighting the division between the anti-Syrian March 14 coalition and the pro-Syrian March 8 forces. It outline

tember 2007 Israeli bombing of what Israelis claim was a suspicious facility in Syria. But the issue of Israel’s nuclear weapons is perennially off the table. The United States, along with most other

This text discusses the complex dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Israel's alleged nuclear capabilities and Iran's nuclear program. It highlights the risks

"choose your own future and win your freedom."2 To make matters worse, in September 2006 the U.S. Congress passed the Iran Freedom Support Act, which imposed mandatory sanctions on entities that suppl

The text discusses Iran's unwavering commitment to its nuclear program, spurred by various factors, including U.S. sanctions, the Iraq war, and surging oil prices. Despite hints of military action fro

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 21 otherwise unwelcome consequences..... And another message should be equally clear: leaders who abandon the pursuit of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, and

This text discusses the complexities and challenges in the New Middle East, particularly regarding nuclear ambitions of countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the decline of the U.S. freedom agend

Rice gave a more detailed explanation of the American approach to democratic reform in a speech in Cairo in June 2005. In January 2006, the United States went further: it canceled a meeting planned to

In a speech in Cairo in June 2005, Rice underscored U.S. democratic reform measures. The U.S. reacted to Egypt's governance by canceling a free-trade agreement due to human rights concerns. While some

The weakness of the secular opposition is not entirely of its own making. Arab authoritarian and semi-authoritarian regimes—many of which have been ruling their societies in the name of secular ideolo

In Arab societies, secular opposition has struggled against longstanding authoritarian regimes that repress liberal ideologies, while conservative social attitudes limit their political expression. A

retrenchment into a more ideological posture by a movement that has sought, but has so far been denied, a legitimate political role. The adoption and subsequent abandonment of the freedom agenda broug

The text discusses the complexities faced in promoting democracy in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of incumbent regimes resistant to political reform. It notes that, despite potential allies